摘要人体软组织主要包括皮肤和黏膜、肌腱和韧带、骨骼肌和平滑肌、筋膜、中枢和周围神经、动静脉、血栓、角膜以及其他脏器等,由于解剖结构及微观结构上存在差异,各种软组织的一般力学参数变化较大,但作为粘弹性材料,普遍具有非线性、各向异性、粘弹性等共同力学特点.在术式选择、组织移植、修复重建、康复训练等临床实践中,这些生物力学特性被广泛应用和体现,如手术切口的选择应考虑皮肤不同部位上张力的分布,软组织的蠕变和延展性使神经延长成为可能.尽管各种测试测量手段均有其适用范围和局限性,近年来相关原理方法和测试手段的进步及整合使各种软组织力学参数的测量更加准确客观,力学特性更加明确.作为生物力学研究的重要分支,软组织生物力学的发展有利于加深临床医师对各种软组织性质及其病变机制的理解,并且与骨科临床实践息息相关.本文将联系临床实践,对与骨科关系比较密切的皮肤、骨骼肌、肌腱、韧带、周围神经和血管的生物力学特性进行概述,分析影响各组织生物力学特性的相关因素,并对相关研究进展及临床意义进行总结和展望.

abstractsHuman soft tissues mainly contain skin,mucous membrane,tendons,ligaments,skeletal muscles,smooth muscles,fascia,central nerves,peripheral nerves,arteries,veins,blood clots,cornea,and other organs.Due to different anatomical structures and microstructures,general mechanical paraineters between soft tissues vary significantly.However,as viscoelastic materials,soft tissues show the common mechanical characteristics such as nonlinear,anisotropic and viscoelastic generally.These biomechanical properties are widely used and embodied in surgical practices,such as surgical selection,tissue transplantation,repair or reconstruction,and recovery training.For instance,the choice of surgical incisions should take into account the distribution of tension in different parts of the skin.The properties of creep and extension in soft tissues make nerve elongation possible.There are different limitations and ranges of application among various tests and measurement methods.However,benefited from the progression and integration of related theoretical or experimental approaches methods,biomechanical measured parameters of various soft tissues are more accurate and objective.As an important branch of biomechanics,progress of soft tissue biomechanics is closely associated with orthopedic clinic,through which clinicians can deepen their understanding on the mechanical characteristics of various soft tissues and related pathological mechanisms.In this article,we summarized the biomechanical characteristics of various soft tissues related closely with orthopedic clinic,including the skin,tendons,ligaments,skeletal muscles,peripheral nerves,arteries and veins.Meanwhile,influence factors and research progress were summarized and analyzed to embody the theoretical principles into a clinical practice.